Test for anions

Anions	Tests	Observations
Carbonate	Add dilute hydrocholoric acid	Bubbles form, lime water turns to milky
Sulphate	Add dilute nitric acid and then barium nitrate	White precipitate of barium nitrate forms
Sulphite	Add dilute hydrocholoric acid and then acidified potassium manganate(VII)	Potassium manganate(VII) fades
Chloride	Add dilute nitric acid and then silver nitrate	White precipitate of silver chloride forms
Bromide	Add dilute nitric acid and then silver nitrate	Cream precipitate of silver bromide forms
Iodine	Add dilute nitric acid and then silver nitrate	Yellow precipitate of silver iodide forms

Test for cations with base

Cations	Tests		Observations
Ammonium	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Ammonia gas forms
Copper(II) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	Blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide forms but redissolves in excess
Iron(II) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Green precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	Green precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess
Iron(III) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Brown precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	Brown precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess
Chromium(III) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Grey green precipitate of chromium(III) ions forms but redissolves in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	Grey green precipitate of chromium(III) ions forms and insoluble in excess
Calcium(II) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	Slightly soluble white precipitate of calcium(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	No precipitate forms
Magnesium(II) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	White precipitate of magnesium(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	White precipitate of magnesium(II) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess
Zinc(II) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	White precipitate of zinc(II) hydroxide forms but redissolves in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	White precipitate of zinc(II) hydroxide forms but redissolves in excess
Aluminium(III) ions	Add sodium hydroxide in excess	White precipitate of Alumiunium(III) hydroxide forms but redissolves in excess	Add ammonia water in excess	White precipitate of Alumiunium(III) hydroxide forms and insoluble in excess

Flame test for metal cations

Metal cations	Flame
Sodium	Yellow
Potassium	Lilac
Lithium	Chrimson
Calcium	Brick red
Copper(II) ions	Blue green
Barium	Apple green
Selenium	Scarlet

Test for gases

Gases	Tests	Observations
Ammonia gas	Damp red litmus paper	Litmus paper turns to blue
Carbon dioxide	Lime water	Lime water turns to milky
Chlorine	Damp blue litmus paper	Litmus paper turns to red then fades
Sulphur dioxide	Acidified potassium manganate(VII)	Potassium manganate(VII) fades
Hydrogen	Lighted splint	Blue flame with a squeaky pop
Oxygen	Glowing splint	Splint relights