Index

• Chromatography
• Common experiments operations
• Tests for ions and gases
• Extraction of metals
• Electrical chemistry
• Haber process
• Contact process
• Carbon cycle
• Purification of water
• Addition reaction
• Substituion reaction
• Methods to produce ethanol
• Cracking of organic compounds
• Fractional distillation of petrol
• Polymerization

Common experiments operations

Filtration

• Filtration can be used to separate solid and liquid, which is often used to separate mixture of an insoluble and a soluble substance

Crystallization

• Crystallization is used to obtain soluble substances from their solution like copper(Ⅱ) sulphate
• Crystallization often happens with fitration to get a relatively pure sustance

Distillation

• Simple distillation

• Simple distillation can be used to separate the mixture of different kinds of liquid which the differences of boiling point are larger than 25℃

• In actual experiment, we use thermometer which is inserted in the flask to indicate whether a liquid is separated from the mixture

• Fractional distillation

• Fractional distillation is used to separate different kinds of liquid which the differences of their melting points are less than 25℃
• In actual experiment, we use thermometer which is inserted in the flask to indicate whether a liquid is separated from the mixture

Titration

• Titration is used to indicate the concentration of an unknown solution, which is usually used in acid-base titration
• The actual end point of the titration usually adds slightly more amount of solution than it need to ensure the other solution is fully reacted
• In acid-base titration, we often use litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein as indicator.